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Latest Class 10th Science NCERT Concepts & Solutions
1. Chemical Reactions And Equations
This chapter introduces the fundamental concept of chemical reactions, processes involving the rearrangement of atoms to form new substances. It explains how to represent these reactions using chemical equations and the importance of balancing equations to follow the Law of Conservation of Mass. Different types of reactions like combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, oxidation, and reduction are discussed with examples from everyday life.
2. Acids, Bases And Salts
This chapter explores the properties of acids, bases, and salts – common substances with distinct characteristics. Acids are typically sour and turn blue litmus red, while bases are bitter and turn red litmus blue. The concept of pH scale is introduced to measure the strength of acids and bases. Neutralization reactions (acid + base $\rightarrow$ salt + water) and the preparation and uses of important salts are also covered.
3. Metals And Non-Metals
This chapter delves into the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals, explaining their reactivity based on their tendency to gain or lose electrons. The reactivity series of metals is discussed, which helps predict the outcome of displacement reactions. The formation of ionic and covalent compounds and their properties are also explored, highlighting the diverse roles of these elements.
4. Carbon And Its Compounds
Carbon is a unique element forming the basis of organic chemistry. This chapter explains carbon's versatile nature due to its ability to catenate (form long chains) and form multiple bonds. It introduces hydrocarbons (saturated and unsaturated) and functional groups. The chapter also discusses isomers, homologous series, and the properties and uses of important carbon compounds like ethanol and ethanoic acid, along with soaps and detergents.
5. Life Processes
This comprehensive chapter covers the basic life processes essential for the survival of living organisms. It details nutrition (modes and processes), respiration (exchange of gases and energy release), transportation (circulation of substances in plants and animals), and excretion (removal of metabolic waste). Understanding these processes provides insight into how organisms maintain life and carry out vital functions.
6. Control And Coordination
Living organisms need systems to control and coordinate their activities. This chapter explores the nervous system and endocrine system in animals, explaining how they enable communication and responses to stimuli. It covers the structure and function of neurons, brain, spinal cord, and reflex actions. Coordination in plants through hormones (phytohormones) is also discussed, showing how growth and responses are regulated.
7. How Do Organisms Reproduce?
Reproduction is vital for the continuity of life. This chapter explains various methods of reproduction in organisms. It covers asexual reproduction methods like fission, fragmentation, regeneration, budding, vegetative propagation, and spore formation. Sexual reproduction in plants (pollination, fertilisation) and animals (including the human reproductive system) is discussed, highlighting its role in creating genetic variation.
8. Heredity
This chapter introduces the principles of heredity and variation, explaining how traits are passed from parents to offspring. It covers Mendel's experiments with pea plants and his laws of inheritance (Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation, Law of Independent Assortment). Concepts like genes, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, and sex determination in humans are discussed, providing a basic understanding of genetics.
9. Light – Reflection And Refraction
This chapter explores the phenomena of reflection and refraction of light. It explains the laws governing reflection from mirrors (plane and spherical) and refraction through lenses (convex and concave). Ray diagrams are used to show image formation. Concepts like focal length, radius of curvature, and the lens formula ($\frac{1}{\textsf{v}} - \frac{1}{\textsf{u}} = \frac{1}{\textsf{f}}$) are introduced.
10. The Human Eye And The Colourful World
Building upon the properties of light, this chapter details the structure and working of the human eye, our natural optical instrument. It discusses common vision defects (myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia) and their correction. The chapter also explains phenomena like dispersion of light (forming a rainbow), atmospheric refraction (twinkling of stars), and scattering of light, accounting for the blue sky and red sunrise/sunset.
11. Electricity
This fundamental physics chapter introduces electricity, starting with electric charge and current ($\textsf{I} = \frac{\textsf{Q}}{\textsf{t}}$). It explains potential difference ($\textsf{V}$), Ohm's Law ($\textsf{V} = \textsf{IR}$), resistance, and factors affecting resistance. Combination of resistors (series and parallel circuits) and the heating effect of electric current ($\textsf{H} = \textsf{I}^2\textsf{Rt}$) are discussed. Electric power ($\textsf{P} = \textsf{VI}$) and its units are also covered.
12. Magnetic Effects Of Electric Current
This chapter explores the relationship between electricity and magnetism. It introduces the magnetic field and field lines produced by currents in straight wires, loops, and solenoids. The force exerted on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field is explained, along with Fleming's Left-Hand Rule. Concepts of electromagnetic induction, electric motor, and electric generator are discussed, highlighting their working principles and applications.
13. Our Environment
This chapter focuses on environmental issues and sustainability. It introduces the concept of an ecosystem, its components, and the flow of energy through food chains and food webs. Environmental problems like waste generation and disposal, depletion of the ozone layer, and climate change are discussed. The chapter emphasises the importance of protecting our environment and adopting sustainable practices for a healthier planet.